Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development (AJPRD) is a new online international journal allowing free unlimited access to abstract and Full text. The journal is devoted to the promotion of pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines. It seeks particularly (but not exclusively) to encourage pharmaceutical and allied research of tropical relevance and to foster multidisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, the pharmaceutical industry and health the health care professionals. It will also provide an international plate form for the communication and evaluation of data, methods and findings in pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines. Although primarily devoted to original research papers, the journal welcomes reviews on current topics of special interest and relevance.
AUTHORS WHO PUBLISH WITH THIS JOURNAL AGREE TO THE FOLLOWING TERMS: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License. that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Artificial Sweeteners: Chemistry, Health Impacts and Regulatory Perspectives
Artificial sweeteners are substances that mimic the taste of sugar but offer negligible or zero calories. Their discovery dates back to the 19th century with saccharin. With the rise in lifestyle diseases like obesity, diabetes etc, their role as sugar alternatives has become increasingly significant. Therefore, food industries use various artificial sweeteners that are used in weight loss, diet planning with no calories or low calorie contents instead of high calorie sugar. These sweeteners are used instead of sucrose to sweeten the product. In recent years, these are used in over 6000 or more products. United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has approved aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, sodium cyclamate etc for use as per acceptable daily intake (ADI) value. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview about the introduction, structure, possible health benefits and concerns of artificial sweeteners.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manish Sachan, Pushpraj Singh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Review of a Hair-Care Formulation for Hair Health
Hair plays a vital role in appearance, personality, and overall well-being, making its care an important aspect of cosmetic science. Hair is primarily composed of keratin and undergoes a natural growth cycle that can be influenced by genetic, physiological, and environmental factors. Damage to hair fibers occurs due to excessive use of chemical treatments, synthetic dyes, and environmental stress, which necessitates the development of effective and safer hair-care formulations. This review highlights the structure and physiology of hair, common causes of damage, and the role of cosmetic preparations such as shampoos, conditioners, oils, gels, and dyes in maintaining hair health. Particular emphasis is placed on herbal ingredients such as Amla, Shikakai, Henna, Hibiscus, and flaxseed, which demonstrate natural conditioning, coloring, antifungal, and strengthening properties. Modern advancements including silicone-based ingredients and optimized formulations provide improved manageability, shine, and protection against heat and chemical damage. Evaluation parameters such as foam stability, detergency, conditioning effect, viscosity, microbiological safety, and irritation studies are essential for assessing product performance. Overall, integration of natural extracts with modern cosmetic science offers a promising approach to achieving safe, effective, and consumer-friendly hair-care formulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Monali G. Chaudhari, Tejaswini G Malge, Darshana Shirbhate, Vrushali Potdar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pharmacovigilance: A Pillar of Modern Drug Safety
Pharmacovigilance (PV) Is A Pivotal Discipline In Clinical Research And Public Health, Focusing On The Detection, Assessment, Understanding, And Prevention Of Adverse Drug Reactions (Adrs). While PV Systems Are Well-Developed In High-Income Countries, They Remain Underdeveloped In Low- And Middle-Income Regions Such As India. This Review Highlights The Historical Evolution, Current Practices, And Future Prospects Of Pharmacovigilance, Emphasizing The Role Of Post-Marketing Surveillance, Risk Management, Patient Safety, And Vaccine Monitoring. It Also Explores Cutting-Edge Developments Including The Integration Of Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, And Pharmacogenomics To Enhance Personalized Medicine And Real-World Evidence Analysis. Despite These Advances, PV Faces Numerous Challenges, Including Under reporting, Poor Data Quality, Regulatory Barriers, Misinformation, Limited Integration Of Real-World Data, And Ethical Concerns Surrounding Data Privacy. The Document Advocates For Robust Policy Support, Capacity Building, Digital Infrastructure Development, And Global Collaboration To Address These Limitations And Ensure Drug Safety Across Diverse Populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Korade Payal B, Khaire Rahul D, Kathale Ankita A, Sanke Lochani D, Bhandare Tejashwini S, Ghuge Samiksha K http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In Silico Clinical Trials as a Strategic tool in Modern Drug Development
Medicine discovery and development are resource- ferocious processes, frequently hindered by high failure rates during clinical trials. In silico clinical trials( ISCTs) — computer- grounded simulations of mortal trials have surfaced as a transformative tool in ultramodern medicine development. By using computational models, real case data, and artificial intelligence, ISCTs enable the varification of medicine efficacy , safety, and optimal lozenge without risking mortal subjects. These simulations can induce virtual case populations, streamline trial designs, reduce costs, and ameliorate time- to- request effectiveness. ISCTs are particularly salutary in studying rare conditions, pediatric populations, and substantiated drug approaches. While promising, challenges similar as model confirmation, data quality, nonsupervisory acceptance, and ethical enterprises remain. With advancing technologies like AI, digital halves, and amount computing, ISCTs are poised to revise pharmaceutical exploration by offering safer, briskly, and further cost-effective pathways to medicine development..
Copyright (c) 2025 Kathale Ankita A, Khaire Rahul D, KoradePayal B, Sankhe Lochani D, Bhandare Tejashwini S, Ghuge Samiksha K http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation Strategies and Recent Advances in Floating Drug Delivery System (FDDS): A Comprehensive Review
Floating Drug Delivery Systems (FDDS) represent a state-of-the-art oral drug delivery strategy, designed particularly to enhance gastric retention of dosage forms. The floating systems float for long durations in the stomach, allowing for extended drug release and increasing the bioavailability of drugs absorbed predominantly in the upper gastrointestinal tract. FDDS are collectively categorized into effervescent and non-effervescent systems, both having different mechanisms of floating. Different formulation methods—ionotropic gelation, spray drying, melt granulation, hot-melt extrusion, solvent evaporation—have been used to produce various floating systems such as tablets, capsules, beads, and microspheres. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of FDDS, such as types, polymers employed, formulation approaches, evaluation techniques, and conditions affecting gastric retention. It also points towards recent developments, including 3D printed systems, nano-FDDS, and magnetically controlled drug delivery platforms, providing indications of the future potential of floating systems in controlled and targeted drug release.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sankhe Lochani D, Khaire Rahul D, Kathale Ankita A, Bhandare Tejaswini S, Ghude Samiksha K http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Bioenzyme as Catalyst for Sustainable Chemistry
The integration of bio enzymes as catalysts represents a pivotal strategy for advancing sustainable chemistry. Enzymes, as natural biocatalysts, offer high specificity, operate under mild conditions, and generate minimal by-products, aligning closely with the principles of green chemistry. Their biodegradability, renewability, and compatibility with aqueous systems enable environmentally friendly processes across pharmaceutical, food, textile, and chemical industries. Innovations in enzyme engineering, bioinformatics, and artificial intelligence have enhanced catalytic efficiency and stability, expanding enzyme applications to include nanozymes and tailored industrial bioprocesses. Immobilization techniques—such as adsorption, encapsulation, covalent bonding, and cross-linking—further improve enzyme reusability and cost-effectiveness, addressing industrial demands. Emerging fields like metagenomics facilitate the discovery of novel enzymes from uncultured microorganisms, unlocking new biocatalytic pathways. Bio enzyme-based treatments also provide eco-efficient solutions for wastewater remediation by degrading organic pollutants and reducing heavy-metal content. Together, these developments underscore the transformative role of bio enzymes in replacing traditional chemical reagents, minimizing waste, and reducing energy inputs. By coupling biotechnology with sustainable chemical practices, bio enzymes stand as a cornerstone for a greener, circular economy and the realization of global sustainability goals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghuge Samiksha K, Khaire Rahul, Kathale Ankita A, Sankhe Lochani D, Bhandare Tejaswini S, Koade Payal B http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Role of Natural Agents in the Management of Diabetic-Induced Neuropathy
Nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiomyopathy, and peripheral neuropathy are some of the most common and serious complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), affecting around 50% of patients. These issues often arise due to poor blood sugar control or inadequate management of diabetes. Among these, diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is particularly troubling, as it’s not only widespread but also the most painful. This work aims to explore the various approaches used to manage DPN, from traditional treatments to more alternative options. We’ll dive into common medications, comparing the effectiveness of gabapentin and pregabalin, which are often used when regular painkillers like NSAIDs or opioids don’t work. We’ll also look at the wisdom of Oriental Medicine, which offers unique perspectives, and examine the potential of natural compounds that researchers suggest could be effective either alone or alongside current treatments. Lastly, we’ll discuss ancient practices like acupuncture and electrostimulation as potential non-drug alternatives that may provide relief for those suffering from DPN.
Copyright (c) 2025 Darshan Anil Sonawane, Sunil K Mahajan, Chandrashekhar Patil, Durgesh Pagar, Gaurav Kasar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Review on Analytical Method Validation of Nafithromycin
Background: Nafithromycin (synonym WCK-4873), marketed under the brand name Miqnaf, represents India’s first indigenously developed antibiotic targeting drug-resistant infections. Wockhardt Limited developed Nafithromycin with financial and technical support from the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC). The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) has approved it for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP).The drug achieves effective lung concentrations and delivers therapeutic out comes with a three-day oral regimen, improving patient compliance while reducing treatment time. Methods: Researchers validated Nafithromycin analytically using three key methods. They employed the RP-HPLC method with a C18 column, anisocratic mobile phase of buffer and acetonitrile (60:40), and UV detection. They applied the RP-UPLC method with a BEHC18 column, a gradient mobile phase of 0.1%formicacidinwaterandacetonitrile, and PDA detection. They used the UHPLC-MS method with a C18 column, an isocratic mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (30:70), and mass spectrometry detection. Conclusion: Nafithromycin (Miqnaf) emerges as a reliable, indigenous antibiotic for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Analytical validation through RP-HPLC, RP-UPLC, and UHPLC-MS confirms accuracy and robustness. These findings ensure quality, safety, and efficacy, highlighting Nafithromycin’s promise as a short-course therapy against drug-resistant respiratory pathogens and a milestone in antibiotic innovation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nishtha Patel, Ayushi Patel, Zarana Pandya, Helly Shah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Review on Analytical Method Validation on Tirzepatide
Background: - Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, cardiovascular diseases in T2DM, heart failure, non- alcoholic steato hepatitis, obstructive sleep apnea, and obesity-related mortality and morbidity are among the conditions for which Eli Lilly is developing Tirzepatide. As a supplement to diet and exercise, Tirzepatidewas initially approved in the USAin May2022 to help adults with type 2 diabetes improve their glycaemic control. Tirzepatide is a novel antidiabetic medication, single-molecule agonistoftheglucose-dependentinsulinotropicpolypeptideandglucagon-like peptide-1 receptors. It is marketed under the brand names MOUNJARO and ZEPBOUND. Method:-Techniques such as Reversed-phase High-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV spectroscopy), Fluorescence spectroscopy, and others have been used for analysis. Conclusion: - An HPLC Method Validated using a Quality-by-Design (QBD) approach concludes that the method is linear, accurate, precise, and robust for the Quality control of tirzepatide in bulk and dosage forms and LC-MS bioanalytical method for quantifying tirzepatide in human plasma is typically concluded to be specific, sensitive, and accurate for pharmacokinetic studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asmita Mishra, Vipal Patel, Binal Prajapati, Helly Shah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Tyrosinase Inhibition and Photoprotection: Emerging Trends in Cosmetic Dermatology
Introduction: Hyperpigmentation and photodamage are common cosmetic concerns caused by overactive tyrosinase (the enzyme responsible for melanin synthesis) and prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Tyrosinase converts tyrosine to melanin, and its overactivity results in melasma, freckles, age spots, and post-inflammatory pigmentation. Concurrently, UVA and UVB rays generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, and accelerated skin aging.Objectives: This review aims to: (1) study the role of tyrosinase inhibition in controlling hyperpigmentation; (2) evaluate dual-action agents that provide both tyrosinase inhibition and photoprotection; and (3) assess safety, efficacy, and future potential of cosmetic formulations.Methodology: A detailed literature survey was conducted using peer-reviewed journals, scientific databases, and recent research publications (2010–2025), focusing on natural and synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors, their mechanisms of action, photoprotective properties, clinical evaluation, and safety.Results: Natural compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, and plant extracts, along with synthetic derivatives like deoxyArbutin and thiosemicarbazones, demonstrate promising dual activity by inhibiting melanin synthesis while providing antioxidant and UV-protective effects. These agents improve skin tone, reduce pigmentation, and prevent oxidative damage, offering safer and multifunctional cosmetic solutions.Conclusion: Dual-function agents represent a modern and holistic approach in cosmetic dermatology. Future research should focus on stable formulations, enhanced skin penetration, long-term safety, and human-based clinical studies to ensure efficacy across diverse skin types.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shivani Yadav, Prateek Pandey http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Review on Film Coating Techniques for Ferrous Ascorbate and Folic Acid Tablets
Tablets containing Ferrous Ascorbate and Folic Acid are widely used to prevent and treat iron and folate deficiencies, which are common in India. However, these active ingredients face challenges such as poor stability, metallic taste, and sensitivity to environmental factors. Film coating techniques are employed to overcome these issues by improving stability, masking unpleasant taste, enhancing appearance, and controlling drug release. This review discusses traditional and modern coating methods, including sugar coating, polymer film coating, enteric coating, ready-to-use systems, and natural polymer coatings. It also highlights coating materials, process parameters, and evaluation methods, providing insights for producing high-quality, patient-friendly tablets.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rohan Jangid, Manmohan Sharma, Anil Ahuja, Ashok Kumar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Review on Mouth Dissolving Tablets and Meloxicam
Mouth dissolving tablets (MDTs) have emerged as a novel dosage form designed to enhance patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy, particularly for pediatric, geriatric, and dysphagic patients. These tablets rapidly disintegrate in the oral cavity within seconds, releasing the drug for quick absorption without the need for water. Meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) belonging to the oxicam class, exhibits poor water solubility and delayed onset of action when administered as conventional tablets. The development of Meloxicam MDTs aims to overcome these limitations by improving solubility, enhancing bioavailability, and providing rapid analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. This review highlights the fundamental principles of MDT formulation, including the role of super-disintegrants, excipients, and formulation techniques such as direct compression and lyophilization. It also discusses evaluation parameters, challenges in taste masking, and recent advancements in fast-dissolving technology. The study concludes that MDTs of Meloxicam represent a promising alternative to conventional oral dosage forms, offering rapid onset, improved patient acceptability, and better therapeutic performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shubham Saini, Manmohan Sharma, Anil Ahuja, Ashok Kumar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Review on Gastroretentive Systems for Olmesartan Medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil, an angiotensin receptor blocker, is widely used to treat hypertension and cardiovascular diseases but suffers from low bioavailability, short half-life, and frequent dosing requirements. Gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) offer a promising solution by prolonging gastric residence, improving solubility, and enhancing absorption. This review explores various GRDDS strategies suitable for Olmesartan Medoxomil, including floating, swelling, mucoadhesive, high-density, and magnetic systems. It discusses the polymers and excipients involved, such as hydrophilic polymers (HPMC, sodium alginate), hydrophobic polymers (ethyl cellulose), gas-generating agents, and density enhancers. Mechanisms like buoyancy, swelling, mucoadhesion, sedimentation, and magnetic localization are elaborated to explain their role in enhancing retention. Evaluation parameters like floating lag time, swelling index, and drug release kinetics are also summarized. The review highlights formulation challenges and suggests future directions, including smart polymers, nanocarriers, and personalized medicine, aimed at improving therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hursh Gupta, Manmohan Sharma, Anil Ahuja, Shashank Tiwari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Transdermal Patches: Design and Evaluation
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) represent one of the most innovative and patient-friendly approaches to modern pharmacotherapy. Transdermal patches are medicated adhesive systems designed to deliver a specific dose of drug through the skin and directly into the systemic circulation, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic first-pass metabolism. This review explores the design, mechanism, and evaluation of transdermal patches, highlighting the key components such as polymer matrices, permeation enhancers, and adhesives that influence drug release and absorption. Factors affecting drug permeation—including skin physiology, physicochemical properties of drugs, and formulation variables—are discussed in detail. Various types of patches such as single-layer, multi-layer, and microneedle-based systems are compared along with their applications in pain management, hormone therapy, and neurological disorders. The article further emphasizes recent advancements, including smart patches, dissolving microneedles, and 3D-printed delivery systems, which enhance therapeutic efficiency and patient compliance. Despite challenges like limited drug permeability and potential skin irritation, continuous innovations in nanotechnology, biomaterials, and active delivery mechanisms are expanding the scope of TDDS in personalized medicine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bhandare Tejaswini S, Dr. Khaire Rahul D, Kathale Ankita A, Korade Payal B, Sankhe Lochani D, Ghuge Samiksha K http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dietary Strategies for Autoimmune Disease Management: A Literature Based Review
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the host immune system mistakenly attacks its cells and tissues. This leads to chronic inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues, resulting in a wide range of symptoms and complications. The overall prevalence of autoimmune diseases worldwide is 3 to 8%, with women accounting for 78 to 85% of cases. An autoimmune disease is a condition in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy organs and tissues, leading to excessive release of cytokines. Examples include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and multiple sclerosis, which are occurring frequently and inflicting the burden on individuals and the health care system. Individuals with a nutrient-rich diet can help to prevent the disease progression. However, exact nutrients are not clear, but some specific diets including all nutrients can help for proper functioning of the immune system and keeps good gut health. This article explores the relationship between nutrition and autoimmune diseases,emphasizing the importance of nutrients in maintaining gut integrity and immune regulation, which includes a detailed description of gluten-free regimens, autoimmune protocol, and anti-inflammatory diets.
Copyright (c) 2025 Priyanka Tatikonda, Sumalatha Borancha, Sreeja Dodda, Rithika Shatrashi, Tejasri Mahalaxmi Panala, Yeshasree Gunjette, Narender Boggula http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reimagining Drug Potential: Machine Learning As A Catalyst In Drug Repurposing
Drug discovery has long been a cornerstone of medical progress, yet the conventional path of developing new therapeutics is notoriously lengthy, costly, and fraught with uncertainty. On average, it requires more than a decade of intensive research, billions of dollars in investment, and multiple phases of preclinical and clinical testing to bring a single novel drug to market. Despite such efforts, the attrition rate remains strikingly high, with only a small fraction of candidates achieving regulatory approval. In this context, drug repurposing, also known as drug repositioning, has emerged as a pragmatic and highly valuable strategy to address unmet medical needs and optimise available therapeutic resources. The history of drug repurposing is deeply embedded in the evolution of modern pharmacology. Early examples demonstrate how serendipitous observations, clinical experiences, and detailed pharmacological studies gave new life to compounds originally designed for unrelated purposes. Aspirin, first introduced as an analgesic and antipyretic, was later recognised for its antiplatelet effects, transforming it into a cornerstone therapy for cardiovascular diseases. Thalidomide, infamous for its teratogenic effects, was subsequently repurposed as an immunomodulatory drug to treat multiple myeloma and leprosy-related complications. Sildenafil, initially developed for angina, gained global recognition when repurposed for erectile dysfunction and later for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Keywords: Drug discovery has long been a cornerstone of medical progress, yet the conventional path of developing new therapeutics is notoriously lengthy, costly, and fraught with uncertainty. On average, it requires more than a decade of intensive research, billions of dollars in investment, and multiple phases of preclinical and clinical testing to bring a single novel drug to market. Despite such efforts, the attrition rate remains strikingly high, with only a small fraction of candidates achieving regulatory approval. In this context, drug repurposing, also known as drug repositioning, has emerged as a pragmatic and highly valuable strategy to address unmet medical needs and optimise available therapeutic resources. The history of drug repurposing is deeply embedded in the evolution of modern pharmacology. Early examples demonstrate how serendipitous observations, clinical experiences, and detailed pharmacological studies gave new life to compounds originally designed for unrelated purposes. Aspirin, first introduced as an analgesic and antipyretic, was later recognised for its antiplatelet effects, transforming it into a cornerstone therapy for cardiovascular diseases. Thalidomide, infamous for its teratogenic effects, was subsequently repurposed as an immunomodulatory drug to treat multiple myeloma and leprosy-related complications. Sildenafil, initially developed for angina, gained global recognition when repurposed for erectile dysfunction and later for pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanap Mayuri P, Prof. B.T. Jagtap http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nutraceuticals: -In Skin Care and Formulations A Review
The physiologically active ingredients that sustain health advantages are known as nutraceutical. Due to their therapeutic benefits, these products are crucial to human health care. The nutritional advantages, medicinal effects, and safety profile of nutraceuticals have earned them prominence. Nutraceuticals are well known throughout the world and are expanding in the sphere of services like illness prevention and health care promotion. For a better knowledge of nutraceuticals, this review has also provided instances and explanations of numerous drug nutraceutical interactions. Numerous nutraceutical patents have been filed in a variety of agricultural and medical fields. In addition to being used for nutrition, nutraceuticals have been used as a support therapy for the prevention and treatment of a number of illnesses, including to lessen the negative effects of chemotherapy for cancer. Micronized food items and other nutraceutical supplements with enhanced health advantages are also produced thanks to nanotechnology. There has also been discussion of the most recent important discoveries (clinical research) on nutraceuticals that demonstrate the therapeutic effect of the bioactive compounds in these products on a range of illnesses. Numerous internal and environmental factors, including hormone imbalances, UV radiation, and the biological evolution of cells, all contribute to the ongoing aging of the skin. These internal and external factors increase the appearance of aging skin, which is characterized by telangiectasias, wrinkles, roughness, loss of elasticity, and diminished firmness. Nutraceuticals have been researched all year long to combat and postpone a number of food-related issues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Swapna Saubhagya Nayak, Balu t. Jagtap http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Onychomycosis: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies
Onychomycosis is a prevalent fungal infection that affects the nail unit and accounts for over half of all nail-related disorders worldwide. It is mainly caused by dermatophyte species such as Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes, although non-dermatophyte molds like Aspergillus and Fusarium, as well as yeasts such as Candida, can also contribute. The infection causes nail discoloration, thickening, brittleness, and discomfort, often leading to a noticeable decline in quality of life. Its occurrence increases with age and is more common among people with diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, compromised immunity, or those undergoing hemodialysis. Accurate diagnosis depends on proper nail specimen collection and confirmation through laboratory techniques such as microscopy, culture, or advanced molecular tools like PCR and immunoassays, which offer greater precision than traditional methods. Treatment involves systemic antifungal agents—such as terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole—or topical formulations like ciclopirox, amorolfine, efinaconazole, and tavaborole. However, oral antifungals can cause liver toxicity and drug interactions, while topical therapies often have limited nail penetration. To address these challenges, novel drug delivery systems such as antifungal nail lacquers have been developed. Econazole nitrate-based lacquers containing film-forming agents, plasticizers, and permeation enhancers improve nail permeability and sustain drug release. Innovative options like iontophoresis, photodynamic therapy, and laser-assisted delivery further enhance effectiveness. Despite progress, recurrence and reinfection are frequent due to residual fungal spores and environmental exposure. Therefore, long-term success depends on patient education, consistent treatment adherence, and preventive practices such as maintaining nail hygiene and using antifungal prophylaxis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mansi Chandrakant Godse, Neha N.Kadam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hydrogel Microneedle for Controlled Delivery
Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) using hydrogel-forming microneedles (HFMs) is the subject of this review paper. HFMs, in contrast to traditional microneedles, are composed of cross-linked hydrophilic polymers that expand when applied topically to create microchannels for regulated and prolonged drug delivery. Their unique properties, including mechanical strength, antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, make them very adaptable for both therapeutic and diagnostic applications. The paper describes the classes of microneedles (hydrogelforming, swellable, solid, coated, hollow, and dissolving), the natural and synthetic polymers employed in their manufacture (e.g., chitosan, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, PVA, PEG, PVP), and manufacture technique's like micro-molding and 3D printing. It also points towards their mechanisms in controlled release systems, uses in chronic disease treatment, infectious disease therapy, wound healing, and drug delivery, and assessment methods. HFMs have various benefits over traditional microneedles, such as improved drug loading capacity, safe removal without residue, non-invasive fluid extraction, and single-step application.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ashwini Ashok Kathale, Neha N. Kadam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of In-Vitro Anthelmintic Potential of Nyctanthes Arbor-Tristis Linn Leaves and Its Phytochemical Correlation
The present study investigated the in-vitro anthelmintic potential of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn leaves and explored its correlation with phytochemical constituents. Leaf powder was extracted using [solvent, e.g., methanol/ethanol/aqueous], and preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic compounds. The anthelmintic activity was evaluated using Pheretima posthuma as the test model, with Piperazine citrate as the standard comparator. Results demonstrated dose-dependent paralysis and mortality of worms, with higher concentrations producing effects comparable to the standard drug. The observed anthelmintic activity is likely attributable to the bioactive phytoconstituents present in the leaf extract. These findings support the traditional use of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in treating helminthic infections and provide a basis for further studies aimed at isolating and characterizing its active compounds for potential therapeutic applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salhaita Chandrakant, Choudhury P.K, Sharma Maya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
UV Spectroscopic Method Development and Validation for the Estimation of Metformin HCL in Pure and Its Marketed Tablets
The present research study was to Ultra Violet spectroscopy (UV) method develop and validatefor the quantification of model anti-diabetic drug Metformin HCl (MET) in pure formand marketed tablets. Different solvent blends were screened blend comprising of Acetonitrile: Methanol: DW at 1:1:1was selected and same was used for study. The validation is done as per ICH guidelines, validated for their accuracy, precision and robustness of the chosen solvent blend. The results show the linearity in the concentration range (1-50 µg/mL) with correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9989 with percent recovery (100 – 101.5 %) with RSD was less than 2%, LOD and LOQ 0.0433, 0.132µg/mL respectively. This method can show high quality and there is no significant interference with the excipients and in pharmaceutical forms. None of the studies showed the development of this method before.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rishika Vaishnav, Vasavi Yadav, N. Srinivasulu, Y. Anand Kumar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Stability -Indicating RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for the Simultaneous Estimation of Alogliptin and Metformin in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations
A robust and precise reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of Alogliptin and Metformin in combination dosage forms. The analysis was conducted using a Develosil ODS HG-5 RP C18 column (15 cm x 4.6 mm i.d; particle size 5 μm) with a mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (0.05M, pH 3.8) in a 70:30 v/v ratio, at a flow rate of 1 ml/min, with ultraviolet detection at 258 nm. The retention times for Alogliptin and Metformin were 1.97 and 5.43 minutes, respectively. The method demonstrated linearity within the concentration range of 0-150 μg/ml for Alogliptin and 0-15 μg/ml for Metformin, with a correlation coefficient (r²) of 0.998 for both compounds. The limits of detection were determined to be 0.01 and 0.03 g/ml, while the limits of quantification were 0.15 and 0.45 g/ml for Alogliptin and Metformin, respectively. The percentage relative standard deviation (%RSD) values were below 2 for both drugs. The assay results indicated that the content of Alogliptin and Metformin was 99.689% and 100.078%, respectively. The method was validated for parameters including linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) in accordance with International Council for Harmonisation (ICH Q2 (R1)) guidelines. This developed method was successfully applied for the quantitative analysis of commercially available dosage forms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ganta Susmitha, Gade Sammaiah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytosome Based Drug Delivery of Naringenin and Naringin: Development, Characterization, and In Vivo Evaluation
Phytosomes represent a modern approach to enhancing the oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of poorly soluble plant-derived compounds. This comprehensive study details the development, physicochemical characterization, and in vivo evaluation of phytosome formulations of two significant citrus flavonoids, naringenin (NGN) and naringin (NRN). Despite their potent pharmacological activities, both NGN and NRN face challenges related to low aqueous solubility, poor oral absorption, and extensive first-pass metabolism, which severely limit their clinical application. Phytosomes of NGN and NRN were prepared using the rotary evaporation method, and the process was optimized using a Box–Behnken Design (BBD) to achieve high product yield and entrapment efficiency. The optimized formulations were subjected to extensive characterization, including particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, and morphological and structural analysis using TEM, FTIR, and DSC. In vitro release studies demonstrated a significant increase in drug dissolution from the phytosome formulations compared to the free drugs. A subsequent in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rabbits confirmed that the phytosome formulations exhibited a marked increase in plasma drug concentration and enhanced bioavailability. These findings collectively demonstrate that phytosome technology is a highly effective drug delivery system for overcoming the pharmacokinetic limitations of these flavonoids and holds significant promise for their future therapeutic application.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prince Modi, P.K. Choudhury, Maya Sharma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antispasmodic Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Chamomile Flowers in Isolated Chicken Ileum Using Ex-Vivo Experiments
Matricariachamomilla L. (Chamomile), a member of the Asteraceae family, has long been valued in traditional medicine for its broad therapeutic applications, including the relief of smooth muscle spasms. Its pharmacological properties are attributed to a diverse range of bioactive constituents present in its essential oils and plant extracts. Ethanolic extracts were prepared from disc florets, ray florets, and their combination. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify major classes of constituents. The effect of the extracts on acetylcholine-induced contractions was assessed using the interpolation method, and responses were recorded with a kymograph. Dose response relationships for acetylcholine were determined in the absence as well as presence of the extracts. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, and triterpenoids, with varying intensity across flower parts. Pharmacological assays demonstrated that ethanolic extracts significantly reduced acetylcholine-induced ileum contractions in at higher dose, indicating antagonistic activity. The combined extract of ray and disc florets showed the greatest inhibitory effect. The findings support the traditional use of M. chamomilla L. as an antispasmodic agent. The inhibitory effect on acetylcholine-induced smooth muscle contraction suggests possible interference with parasympathetic neurotransmission. Further studies may need to identify the specific active compounds and elucidate their exact mechanisms of action.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vaibhav Dwivedi, Nisha Gautam, Priya, Avinash C. Tripathi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Lab to Shelf: A Reliable UV Spectrophotometric Technique for Gallic Acid Analysis in Medicines and Nutraceuticals
The development and validation of a UV spectrophotometric technique for gallic acid are crucial to enable accurate, precise, and reliable quantification of this molecule in diverse matrices, such as medicines, herbal items, and food samples. Gallic acid, a phenolic molecule with considerable antioxidant capabilities, is frequently employed in medicinal and nutraceutical compositions. A validated UV technique offers a cost-effective, quick, and sensitive analytical tool for quality control, assuring consistency and effectiveness of goods containing gallic acid. Validation, undertaken as per ICH criteria, establishes the methods dependability by analyzing factors such as linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, LOD, LOQ and robustness. Using distilled water as the solvent, the absorbance of gallic acid at 260 nm was measured. Over a given concentration range, the method's correlation coefficient of 0.9999 showed outstanding linearity. Following assessment, it was concluded that the validation parameters—range, accuracy, precision, limit of quantification (LOQ) recovery studies, and limit of detection (LOD)—were within reasonable boundaries. Because of its precision, accuracy, and sensitivity, the suggested approach may be used for regular analysis of gallic acid in both bulk and mixed dose forms. The pharmaceutical sector may use this approach because it is reliable and economical for quality monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shoaeb Mohammad Syed, Deepak Jadhav, Somnath Kalegaonkar, Ajinkya Holkar, Satyapal Gaikwad, Priyanka Thore http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0